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物理学 1965

4080 兆周每秒处天线超额温度的一次测量

阿尔诺·彭齐亚斯 与 罗伯特·威尔逊

一阵来自四面八方、约 3.5 K 的微弱嘶声——大爆炸残留的光。

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In depth · the introduction

两位工程师正在清除天线里一阵顽固的嘶声,却不知不觉地接收到了大爆炸那微弱的余晖。

核心想法

如果宇宙诞生于一个炽热、致密的状态,并自那以后一直膨胀、冷却,那么它至今仍应在每个角落微微发光——那是第一团火球残留的热,被膨胀拉长成了微弱的微波。理论把这片余晖定在绝对零度之上仅仅几度,且从四面八方均匀地涌来。

1965 年,彭齐亚斯与威尔逊找到的,恰恰就是它。他们灵敏的射电天线接收到一阵挥之不去的噪声——约在绝对零度之上 3.5 度——既不能怪天空、地面与仪器,也归不到任何恒星或星系头上。它来自四面八方,从不改变,赶也赶不走。那是宇宙自身的背景余温,是存在着的最古老的光。

它是如何诞生的

两人在新泽西的贝尔实验室工作,那架巨大的喇叭形天线,本是为早期卫星通信而建。要把它用于射电天文,他们就得把每一丝多余的噪声都交代清楚。唯有一阵微弱的嘶声怎么也解释不了。他们查遍了一切——甚至赶走了在喇叭里筑巢的一对鸽子,把鸽粪擦洗干净。嘶声依旧。

与此同时,三十英里外的普林斯顿,罗伯特·迪克的团队已经凭推理得出了同样的预言,正在搭建一架天线去寻找这片余晖。一通电话,把两组人接上了线。普林斯顿的物理学家们立刻明白了彭齐亚斯与威尔逊偶然撞上的是什么。1965 年,两篇论文并排刊登在同一本期刊上——一篇报告信号,一篇加以解释。

它为何重要

在当时,科学家们分作两派:一派认为宇宙有一个炽热的起点,另一派则主张一个大体始终如一的「稳恒态」宇宙。这片微弱而均匀的余晖,成了一锤定音的证据:唯有一个炽热、致密的早期宇宙,才会自然地留下这样一片余晖。它把大爆炸从众多设想之一,变成了现代宇宙学的根基,也给了天文学家一张可供日后细细研究的、宇宙婴儿期的直接快照。

一个可以想象的画面

烤完东西打开烤箱门,即便火已熄灭,热气仍源源涌出——那股暖意,正是炉火残留的热。宇宙微波背景,就是大爆炸残留的热,充盈着整个空间。火球早已冷却,但它的余晖仍在,只是被拉长、被冲淡——约在绝对零度之上 2.7 度,无论你朝哪个方向望去,都是同样的一片低语。

一幅可交互的宇宙微波背景黑体谱图:温度滑块重绘随频率变化的普朗克亮度曲线,峰值在 2.725 K 时约滑到 160 GHz,并有一个固定在 4.08 GHz 的标记——那正是彭齐亚斯与威尔逊测量的频率,远在缓缓上升的低频尾上。

它的位置

这个故事,从普朗克 1900 年的黑体辐射定律,经过 1920 年代发现宇宙正在膨胀,再到 1940 年代对残余辐射的预言,最后落在这里。彭齐亚斯与威尔逊之后,COBE、WMAP 与普朗克这些卫星,把这片余晖测量得越来越精——从它那细微的涟漪里,读出了宇宙的年龄与成分。他们偶然撞见的这片辐射,如今是整个宇宙学中信息量最大的一次测量。

The original document
Original source text
A. A. Penzias & R. W. Wilson · The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, pp. 419–421 · received May 13, 1965
Measurements of the effective zenith noise temperature of the 20-foot horn-reflector antenna (Crawford, Hogg, and Hunt 1961) at the Crawford Hill Laboratory, Holmdel, New Jersey, at 4080 Mc/s have yielded a value about 3.5° K higher than expected.
This excess temperature is, within the limits of our observations, isotropic, unpolarized, and free from seasonal variations (July, 1964–April, 1965). A possible explanation for the observed excess noise temperature is the one given by Dicke, Peebles, Roll, and Wilkinson (1965) in a companion letter in this issue.
The total antenna temperature measured at the zenith is 6.7° K of which 2.3° K is due to atmospheric absorption. The calculated contribution due to ohmic losses in the antenna and back-lobe response is 0.9° K.
[ … ]
The contribution to the antenna temperature due to atmospheric absorption was obtained by recording the variation in antenna temperature with elevation angle and employing the secant law. The result, 2.3° ± 0.3° K, is in good agreement with published values (Hogg 1959; DeGrasse, Hogg, Ohm, and Scovil 1959; Ohm 1961).
From a combination of the above, we compute the remaining unaccounted-for antenna temperature to be 3.5° ± 1.0° K at 4080 Mc/s.
Note added in proof
The highest frequency at which the background temperature of the sky had been measured previously was 404 Mc/s (Pauliny-Toth and Shakeshaft 1962), where a minimum temperature of 16° K was observed. Combining this value with our result, we find that the average spectrum of the background radiation over this frequency range can be no steeper than λ^0.7. This clearly eliminates the possibility that the radiation we observe is due to radio sources of types known to exist, since in this event, the spectrum would have to be very much steeper.
We are grateful to R. H. Dicke and his associates for fruitful discussions of their results prior to publication. We also wish to acknowledge with thanks the useful comments and advice of A. B. Crawford, D. C. Hogg, and E. A. Ohm in connection with the problems associated with this measurement.
A. A. Penzias · R. W. Wilson · Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. · Crawford Hill, Holmdel, New Jersey · May 13, 1965