JOVANA
Library Glossary Getting Started Three Levels Fields How it works Mission
Join the mission
Back to the library
生理学 1927

条件反射

伊万·巴甫洛夫

把一个信号与食物配对得够多次,信号本身就能引发反射——学习,从此可以测量。

Choose your version
In depth · the introduction

让一个本无意义的声音响起,紧接着就给食物,重复够多次——单是这声音,就能让口水分泌。巴甫洛夫,当场逮住了「学习」。

核心想法

有些反射,你生来就有:食物入口,你就分泌唾液,无需学习。巴甫洛夫发现,身体也能造出全新的反射。如果一个中性的信号——他多半用一台滴答作响的节拍器——总是恰好在食物之前出现,大脑便悄悄把两者连在一起。很快,单是这信号本身,就能触发那反应。

他把生来就有的那种叫非条件反射,把后天学会的那种叫条件反射。最关键的一步,是他能测量它:靠数唾液的滴数,「学习」成了图上的一个数字,而不再是对动物心思的猜测。

它是如何诞生的

巴甫洛夫本不是来找心理学的。他是俄国首屈一指的消化生理学家,并于 1904 年因此获得诺贝尔奖。在研究狗的唾液分泌时,他不断被一桩麻烦事打断:食物还没碰到狗,狗就流口水了——在看见食盆时,在听见饲养员脚步声时。多数研究者会把这种「心因性分泌」挥到一边。巴甫洛夫却把它当成了正题。

在此后的数十年里,他带着一支庞大的团队,建起一座专门的「静默之塔」以隔绝杂音,勾画出这些新反射如何形成、消退、又回返,并把这一切汇成 1927 年的讲演。他是在革命与饥荒的动荡中工作的——奇异的是,列宁的政府在举国挨饿之际,仍护着他的实验室。

它为何重要

在巴甫洛夫之前,学习与联想是哲学家的财产——被争来辩去,却从未被测量。巴甫洛夫把它们变成了实验室的科学:有规律、可在任何实验室、任何动物身上重现的曲线。一个反应,竟能被系到、又能被解开于几乎任何信号——这成了整门行为科学的起点;并在很久以后,成了我们治疗恐惧与成瘾、乃至让机器学习的起点。

一个可以想象的画面

想想某个夜晚正放着的一首歌,那晚发生了一件极好、或极糟的事。几个月后,开头那几个音符仍会让你心头一紧、或心情一亮,尽管音符本身什么都没做。这首歌,已经变成了一个信号。巴甫洛夫的节拍器,对他的狗来说就是那首歌,而那件「极好的事」就是食物。把这首歌放够多次、后面却什么都不跟着,那感觉便会慢慢淡去——这种淡去,正是巴甫洛夫所说的消退。

一张交互图:狗对节拍器的反应强度曲线,随着节拍器与食物在多个试次中配对而上升,又在节拍器单独出现、没有食物时回落;滑块控制配对次数与只放信号的试次数。

它的位置

巴甫洛夫立于笛卡尔与其后的行为主义者之间——三个世纪前,笛卡尔把身体想象成一台由反射驱动的机器;其后的桑代克与斯金纳,则展示了行为如何被它的回报所塑造。他的曲线向前延伸进现代神经科学:大脑的多巴胺信号,竟恰恰追踪着他的实验最早暗示的那种「意外」;又延伸进训练今日人工智能的强化学习。在本馆别处,霍奇金与赫胥黎后来会解释神经信号本身;而巴甫洛夫工作的层面更高一级——大脑学会拿这些信号去做什么。

The original document
Original source text
Ivan P. Pavlov · Conditioned Reflexes (trans. G. V. Anrep) · Oxford University Press, 1927 · Lectures I–II
Pavlov opens by placing his work in a long tradition — the reflex as the basic unit of nervous action:
Three hundred years ago Descartes evolved the idea of the reflex. Starting from the assumption that animals behaved simply as machines, he regarded every activity of the organism as a necessary reaction to some external stimulus, the connection between the stimulus and the response being made through a definite nervous path: and this connection, he stated, was the fundamental purpose of the nervous structures in the animal body.
His breakthrough was to show that reflexes are not only inborn but can be made. In the central experiment a neutral signal — here a metronome — is presented together with food:
A stimulus which was neutral of itself had been superimposed upon the action of the inborn alimentary reflex. … the sounds from the metronome had acquired the property of stimulating salivary secretion and of evoking the motor reactions characteristic of the alimentary reflex.
Because such reflexes depend on the conditions under which they are formed, Pavlov gave them their name:
The term 'conditioned' is becoming more and more generally employed, and I think its use is fully justified in that, compared with the inborn reflexes, these new reflexes actually do depend on very many conditions, both in their formation and in the maintenance of their physiological activity.
[ … ]
[The remaining lectures chart the laws of these reflexes — their extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, and disturbance — all read as the activity of the cerebral cortex.]
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Petrograd / Leningrad · 1903–1927