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物理学 1820

论电流对磁针的作用(电磁实验)

汉斯·克里斯蒂安·奥斯特

通电的导线能拨动磁针——电与磁本是一体。

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In depth · the introduction

一位老师合上电池,讲台上的罗盘抖了一下。就在那一抖之间,电与磁不再是两样东西。

核心思想

罗盘的磁针指北,是因为地球是一块微弱的磁体。奥斯特发现,电流也是一块磁体:让电流通过一根导线,把罗盘凑近,磁针就转动起来——不是转向导线,而是横过来、绕着它排列,仿佛导线是一圈圈看不见的磁环的圆心。关掉电流,磁针又飘回北方;把电流反向,磁针就转向另一边。运动中的电产生磁——这两者,原来一直暗暗是同一种力。

它如何发生

这发生在 1820 年春天的哥本哈根,据说是在一堂课上:奥斯特合上电路时,注意到磁针动了一下。但这其实算不上运气。奥斯特属于一个思想流派——浪漫主义的「自然哲学」——它坚信自然的一切力归根到底是同一种,而他已寻找电与磁之间的联系多年。那些确信二者毫不相干的人,根本不会去看。

他花了数月反复确证,然后用拉丁文写成一份简短的四页小册子,于 1820 年 7 月寄给全欧洲的科学家。反响是爆炸性的。在巴黎,安培听到消息不到一周就在它的基础上展开工作;到那年秋天,电磁学这门新科学的基本定律已经在被写下。

它为何重要

几百年来,电与磁一直被关在不同的房间里研究。奥斯特用一个下午的演示,推倒了它们之间的墙。这一结合,是整个电气世界的种子:因为电流能造出磁力,你才能造出会转的马达、会吸的电磁铁、会推动空气的扬声器、会嗒嗒作响的电报。十一年后,法拉第找到了它的镜像——运动的磁体产生电流——两半合起来,就成了电气时代。如今他的名字标记着一个磁学单位:奥斯特。

一个日常画面

想象浴缸里的水往下排:它不是直冲排水口,而是绕着它打着圈、成环地旋下去。奥斯特的导线就是那个排水口,它造出的磁,正是这样一圈圈地绕着它裹起来——这就是为什么磁针会横过来排列,而不指向导线。罗盘是一只小船,转过来顺着漩涡停住。换到导线的另一侧,或把电流反向,漩涡就反着转,小船也跟着掉头。

通电导线下的罗盘;电流越大,磁针偏离北方越多,电流反向则偏向相反一边。

它的位置

奥斯特的实验,需要一样仅有二十年历史的东西:伏打电堆(1800),第一个稳定电流之源。一旦有了那股电流,这个发现就只待人去做。它引发了一串连锁——安培的电动力学、法拉第的电磁感应(1831),最终是麦克斯韦方程组(1865),把电、磁、光熔成同一个理论。你用的几乎每一台电气机器,都是那一刻——一根丹麦磁针拒绝指北——的曾孙。

The original document
Original source text
H. C. Oersted · Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam · Copenhagen, 21 July 1820 · English in Annals of Philosophy 16 (1820): 273–276
The first experiments respecting the subject which I mean at present to explain, were made by me last winter, while lecturing on electricity, galvanism, and magnetism, in the University.
[Oersted lays the “uniting conductor, or the uniting wire” — the wire joining the ends of a galvanic battery — parallel to a freely suspended magnetic needle and close above it.] When the distance of the uniting wire does not exceed three-quarters of an inch from the needle, the declination of the needle makes an angle of about 45°. If the distance is increased, the angle diminishes proportionally. The declination likewise varies with the power of the battery.
[Reverse the current, or shift the wire from above the needle to below, and the needle swings the opposite way. The effect, he finds, passes undisturbed through interposed plates of] glass, metals, wood, water, resin, stoneware, stones [— it is not stopped by the materials between].
It is sufficiently evident from the preceding facts that the electric conflict is not confined to the conductor, but dispersed pretty widely in the circumjacent space.
From the preceding facts we may likewise infer that this conflict performs circles; for without this condition it seems impossible that the one part of the uniting wire, when placed below the magnetic pole, should drive it towards the east, and when placed above it towards the west; for it is the nature of a circle that the motions in opposite parts should have an opposite direction.
[ … ]
Copenhagen · 21 July 1820