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物理学 1960

《红宝石中的受激光辐射》

西奥多·H·梅曼

把红宝石泵得够猛,原子便齐声发光——第一束激光。

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In depth · the introduction

1960 年 5 月,一圈闪光灯点亮了指尖大小的一块红宝石,一束纤细、纯红的光掠过实验台——光,从此多了一种。

这个想法

灯泡或太阳的光是一团杂烩:许多颜色混在一起,朝四面八方泼洒,波此起彼伏、彼此不齐。激光恰好相反——只有一种颜色、一个方向,每一道波都齐步前进。物理学家把最后这种性质叫作「相干」。

成就它的妙招,叫作受激辐射。一个攒着多余能量的原子,被一束恰好颜色的光波拂过时,会放出一颗与触发它的那颗一模一样的光子——同色、同向、同步。一颗变两颗,两颗变四颗,一场「一模一样的光」的雪崩,就此堆起。梅曼的红宝石,正是第一台造出这场雪崩的机器。

事情的经过

理论先行。早在 1917 年,爱因斯坦就预言了受激辐射;1958 年,阿瑟·肖洛与查尔斯·汤斯算出了如何造一台「光学微波激射器」。一场悄无声息的竞赛随之展开。加州休斯研究实验室的西奥多·梅曼,押注了一种被旁人看轻的材料——一根人造红宝石的小棒,裹在一支螺旋摄影闪光灯里。1960 年 5 月 16 日,它激射了。他的报告太过简短,以致一家顶尖的物理期刊已先退了稿;于是它改以半页短文,登在了《自然》上。

它为何重要

激光是一道纯净、可控之光的「龙头」。正因光束只有一种颜色、一个方向,你才能把它聚成一个针尖,烫得足以切钢;才能让它在比头发还细的玻璃纤维里跑上千里;也才能拿它的波当尺,量出小到不足一个波长的距离。起初几乎没人知道它有什么用——它被打趣为「一个在找问题的解答」。可不出一代人,问题便蜂拥而至。

一个类比

想想推一个孩子荡秋千。在随便某个时刻一推,几乎没用,甚至会跟荡的方向较劲。可一旦你正好掐着秋千的节拍去推——一下,又一下,再一下——小小的力,也能把弧荡得很高。受激辐射,就是光在「踩着节拍」推原子:每颗光子都恰好同步地撩拨一个激发态原子,让它再放出一颗,于是波自我增强,光束随之壮大。

拉高抽运滑块,红宝石棒便充满激发态原子;在阈值线以下它只是辉光,越过之后一束明亮的红光骤然从前镜射出,输出曲线沿直线上升。

它在何处

激光直接从量子物理里长出来——普朗克(planck-1900)与玻尔(bohr-1913)那一级级量子化的能阶,以及爱因斯坦 1917 年关于受激辐射的洞见。它是早几年问世的微波激射器在光学上的表亲。而它转过身来,又服务于其余的科学:那些把 LIGO 镜面稳住、聆听引力波(ligo-2016)的极稳定激光,正是梅曼那束红光的嫡传子孙。

The original document
Original source text
T. H. Maiman · Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California · Nature 187, 493–494 · 6 August 1960
The proposal it answered
Schawlow and Townes have proposed a technique for the generation of very monochromatic radiation in the infra-red optical region of the spectrum using an alkali vapour as the active medium.
Maiman opens by naming the 1958 theory he is about to realise — and then quietly departs from its recipe. Where Schawlow and Townes pictured a gas, he reaches for a solid: a small synthetic ruby. (Paraphrase of the body of the note.)
The result
an optical pumping technique has been successfully applied to a fluorescent solid resulting in the attainment of negative temperatures and stimulated optical emission at a wave-length of 6943 Å.; the active material used was ruby (chromium in corundum).
The apparatus, as the note describes it: a ruby cylinder, its two ends silvered to form a resonator, pumped by a helical xenon flashlamp coiled around it. "Negative temperature" is Maiman's term for a population inversion — more chromium ions sitting in the excited level than in the ground state. (Description, not a quotation.)
The threshold
Below a certain flash energy the ruby only fluoresces; above it, the note reports, the emission on the 6943 Å line narrows and intensifies sharply — the signature of stimulated emission building up between the mirrors. (Description of the reported observation.)
[ … ]
The whole communication runs to little more than half a page; the figures, the energy-level diagram, and the discussion are in the original at the source below.
Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu · 1960