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信息论 / 计算机科学 1945

诚如所思

万尼瓦尔·布什

在万维网之前数十年,他便描述了「链接」:把任意两个想法系在一起,再沿着轨迹走下去。

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In depth · the introduction

在万维网问世的半个世纪前,一位美国工程师,已经描述了「点击一个链接」。

把核心想法拆开看

1945 年,万尼瓦尔·布什道出了一个我们至今仍有的难题:人类产出的知识,远多于任何一个人能够穿行其间、找到所需的量。他说,麻烦不在于「制造」记录,而在于「回到」正确的那一条。图书馆把万物归到唯一、固定的位置,按字母或编号排列;于是找一样东西,就得沿着一条官方路径走,而一旦找到,要找下一样,又得从头来过。

可我们的心智,布什指出,并不这样运作。它按「联想」运作:一个念头,会立刻牵出一个相关的念头,沿着经验磨出的轨迹。于是他构想了一台机器,让它也能这样——让你把任意两块知识连在一起,再像走小路一样,顺着这些连接走下去。

它从哪里来

他刚刚统领过美国的战时科学——雷达与原子弹背后的那个机构——写这篇随笔,一半是为了发问:和平时期,成千上万的科学家该转向何方?他的答案是:造出能扩展心智的工具。他构想了「memex」:一张把你整座藏书存于胶片的书桌,让你在其中编织「轨迹」。文章 1945 年 7 月刊于《大西洋月刊》,又配图转载于《生活》杂志,并被两个年轻人读到——道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特与泰德·尼尔森——他们将用一生,把它变成现实。

它为何重要

memex 从未被造出来;那台缩微胶片加操纵杆的机器,是一条死路。但它内里的那个想法——知识应当按联想相连,而你应当能亲手「制造」并「跟随」这些连接——却成了现代信息世界的设计图。恩格尔巴特的工作,给了我们鼠标与屏上链接;尼尔森,给它取名「超文本」;而 1989 年,蒂姆·伯纳斯-李,把这个链接,变成了万维网。每当你轻点一个链接、跳到相关的地方,你用的,正是布什的想法。

一个类比

想想图书馆的卡片目录,与一串脚注的不同。卡片目录把每本书归进唯一一个抽屉;要从一本讲弓的书,走到一本讲弹簧物理的书,你得退回目录,重新查一个全新的主题,再一级级找下去。而一串链接不同:那个把两个想法连起来的人,留下了一条线索,你只需一步,就能从任意一个条目,直抵下一个。布什的机器,让每个人都能留下这样的线索。在下方,亲手建一条试试。

一棵可交互的分类树:四个标题下,归着六个条目。依次点击条目,便在它们之间画出直接的连接——一条联想轨迹;同时,一条灰色虚线,描出同一次跳跃若走目录所要绕的更长路线:爬到共同的标题,再下来。一个数字面板,统计联想跳数、目录步数,以及轨迹比目录直达多少倍。

它在知识长河中的位置

布什写下此文,比克劳德·香农 1948 年那套给「比特」以精确含义的信息论,早了三年;而他所抗争的,是那门以「分类」为业、已有数百年的图书馆学。他的「按联想来选取」,也朝前望去:那是搜索引擎的精神,是维基百科那张链接之网的精神,甚至是今日 AI 语言模型里「注意力」的精神——后者把每个词与其余每个词相互掂量:联想,被机械化了。

The original document
Original source text
Vannevar Bush · The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 101–108 · July 1945
The problem
Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose.
Bush opens by surveying the post-war mountain of research and argues that the bottleneck has shifted from creating the record to consulting it: existing systems file each item in a single place, by alphabet or number, so retrieval follows one rigid official path.
How the mind works
It operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.
Selection by association, rather than by indexing, may yet be mechanized.
The memex
Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, 'memex' will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.
He describes the hardware in detail: a desk with slanting translucent screens, a keyboard and sets of levers, its vast personal library stored on microfilm.
Associative indexing
… associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing.
[ … ]
Trails
Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record.
The full essay also ranges across photography, dry copying, speech-to-text and machine reasoning; it runs to eight sections and is available complete at the source below.
The Atlantic Monthly · July 1945