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地球科学 1840

《冰川研究》(Études sur les glaciers)

路易·阿加西

欧洲四散的漂砾与刻痕基岩,是一个消逝的冰期留下的指纹。

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In depth · the introduction

一块房子大小的花岗岩巨砾,孤零零地立在田野中央,离最近的同类山脉有上百英里。是什么把它搬到这里的?

大地记得那场冰

北欧各地,散落着一些「不该在那里」的东西:巨大的漂砾,远离任何与之相配的崖壁;被磨得光滑、又被一道道平行刻痕梳过的基岩;以及长长的、乱七八糟的砾石垄。几个世纪以来,人们把它们归咎于诺亚的大洪水。阿加西却看出了别的。他在阿尔卑斯亲眼看过活动的冰川如何拖拽岩石、刨磨床底、堆起碎屑——而在数百英里内连一条冰川都没有的地方,他认出了完全相同的标记。他的结论令人震惊:冰,曾经来过这里。整片整片的冰盖曾掩埋大地,而后消融退去,只把它们的指纹留了下来。

追着冰跑的教授

路易·阿加西是一位才华横溢的瑞士青年博物学家,以化石鱼闻名,起初他对冰川之说将信将疑。几位年长的同行——伊尼亚斯·韦内茨,尤其是让·德·夏庞蒂耶——一直主张阿尔卑斯的冰川昔日要大得多,他们把阿加西领进山里去看证据。他被说服了,随后走得比他们任何人都远。1837 年 7 月,他没有讲听众期待的化石,反而宣布:一场「突如其来的酷冬」曾攫住整个星球。许多人以为他疯了。但 1840 年,他出版了《冰川研究》,又巡游不列颠,在苏格兰发现了同样的刻痕与漂砾——怀疑者们于是一个接一个地回心转意。

它为何重要

在阿加西之前,地球的过去多被想象成温暖而缓缓冷却的。他却证明:这颗行星的气候曾猛地跌进剧烈的寒冷期——在晚近的地质过去,存在过冰期,而且不止一次。仅这一个想法,就重塑了我们解读脚下大地的方式,并打开了那个至今仍困扰我们的问题:是什么让一种气候发生改变?从五大湖,到你的城镇赖以建起的砾石,再到今天对一个变暖世界的忧虑——一切都可追溯到这一觉悟:气候有着一段剧烈的历史。

干泥上的脚印

你撞见一片干泥,上面印着深深的脚印——你不必看见那只动物,就知道:在泥还软的时候,有个沉重的家伙走过。阿加西读大地,也是这样读的。一块远离母岩的孤零漂砾,一面磨光带刻痕的山坡岩石,一道弯曲的、杂乱无序的砾石垄——这些,都是冰的脚印。冰川早已不在,许久之前就融化了,可它的足迹被压进地里,而它们只指向一种「脚」:一张移动着的冰盖。

一幅可交互的山谷剖面:滑块设定气温;变冷会让冰川顺谷生长、驮着巨砾并推起砾石垄,变暖则让它融退,而巨砾与砾石垄留在下方。

它在知识谱系中的位置

阿加西立于那一脉教会地球讲述自身历史的地质学家之列。詹姆斯·赫顿与查尔斯·莱尔已经证明:现在是通往过去的钥匙——缓慢而熟悉的过程,只要给足时间,就能雕琢出整个世界。阿加西把这一课原样用到了冰上,又添了一个莱尔不肯接受的转折:过去曾有过远比今日寒冷的境况。他给不出的那个成因,后来由詹姆斯·克罗尔与米卢廷·米兰科维奇在地球轨道里找到;而「气候会大幅摆荡」这一发现,则成了阿伦尼乌斯、基林与现代温室变暖科学得以建立的地基。

The original document
Original source text
Louis Agassiz · Études sur les glaciers · Neuchâtel: O. Petitpierre / Jent & Gassmann · 1840 (preceded by the Discours de Neuchâtel, 24 July 1837)
From the Discourse of Neuchâtel (1837)
Opening the annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences in July 1837, Agassiz set aside the fossil fishes he was expected to present and startled his audience with a far larger claim — that a single great sheet of ice had once mantled the northern world:
The earth was covered by a huge ice sheet which buried the Siberian mammoths, and reached just as far south as did the phenomenon of erratic boulders. It extended beyond the shorelines of the Mediterranean and of the Atlantic Ocean, and even covered completely North America and Asiatic Russia.
A sudden intense winter, that was also to last for ages, fell upon the globe.
[ … ]
The evidence (Études sur les glaciers, 1840)
Agassiz built his case from the marks a glacier leaves behind. Living Alpine ice, he showed, plucks and carries rock of every size — dropping far-travelled erratic blocks where it melts; it grinds its bed into polished, parallel-scratched surfaces and rounded roches moutonnées; and it bulldozes unsorted rubble into ridges, the moraines, at its flanks and snout. The same marks — erratics of identifiable Alpine granite, striated bedrock, moraine ridges — lay scattered across the lowlands of Switzerland and far beyond, tens and hundreds of kilometres from any present glacier. Only moving ice makes such marks; therefore, Agassiz argued, ice had once covered the land.
Structure of the work
The 1840 publication is a single text volume accompanied by a separate atlas of engraved plates. It moves from the structure, motion and physics of living Alpine glaciers to the traces — moraines, erratic blocks, polished and striated surfaces — by which Agassiz traced a former ice sheet across Europe, and closes with his sweeping reconstruction of a continental glaciation.
Louis Agassiz · Neuchâtel · 1840