定义,以及逆为何重要
同胚是一个双射 f : X → Y,使 f 与 f⁻¹ 都连续。当这样的 f 存在时,称 X 与 Y 同胚:它们是同一个拓扑空间换了不同标签。因为 f 是具连续逆的连续双射,所以 U 在 X 中开当且仅当 f(U) 在 Y 中开——于是 f 在两个拓扑之间建立了一部完美的词典。X 的每个拓扑性质 Y 都共享。
一个做出来的同胚
距离与长度都不是拓扑性质,所以有界区间可与无界直线同胚。这是最干净的例子:开区间 (-1, 1) 与整个 R 同胚。在拓扑上,一段有限开区间与整条实轴无从分辨,纵使一者长度为 2、另一者无穷长。
Claim: f : (-1, 1) -> R, f(x) = x / (1 - x^2), is a homeomorphism.
1. Well-defined: for -1 < x < 1 the denominator 1 - x^2 > 0, so f(x) is finite.
2. f is continuous: it is a quotient of polynomials with nonzero denominator
on (-1,1), hence continuous there.
3. f is strictly increasing, so injective:
f'(x) = (1 + x^2) / (1 - x^2)^2 > 0 for all x in (-1, 1).
4. f is surjective onto R:
as x -> 1^-, f(x) -> +infinity; as x -> -1^+, f(x) -> -infinity.
f is continuous, so by the intermediate value theorem it hits every
real value in between. Thus f((-1,1)) = R.
5. f^{-1} is continuous:
solving y = x/(1 - x^2) gives x = (sqrt(1 + 4y^2) - 1) / (2y) for y != 0,
and x = 0 for y = 0; this is continuous on all of R.
(Equivalently: a continuous strictly monotone bijection on an interval
automatically has a continuous inverse.)
f is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse => homeomorphism. ∎不变量:如何证明空间不同
要证两空间同胚,只需给出一个同胚。要证它们不同胚则更难:你必须排除所有可能的映射。所用工具是拓扑不变量——同胚下保持不变的性质。若 X 具备而 Y 不具备,则不可能有同胚。紧性与连通性——本轨道余下篇幅的主题——正是这两个主力不变量。