定理的两种形态
设 R 是主理想整环,M 是有限生成 R-模。结构定理说 M 可分解,且有两种等价方式。不变因子形: M ≅ Rʳ ⊕ R/(d₁) ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ R/(dₖ),其中 d₁ | d₂ | ⋯ | dₖ(皆非单位)。初等因子形: 借唯一分解把每个循环挠块拆为 R/(p₁^{a₁}) ⊕ ⋯,用素数幂表示。自由秩 r 与不变因子链(差一个单位)由 M 唯一确定。
你应记在心里的证明:把 M 表为某映射 Rⁿ → Rᵐ 的余核,该映射由矩阵 A 给出。因 R 是主理想整环——当 R 是欧几里得整环时,跑欧几里得算法即足够——行列变换把 A 化为 Smith 标准形 diag(d₁, …, dₖ, 0, …, 0),其中 d₁ | ⋯ | dₖ。读出对角矩阵的余核即直接得到不变因子分解。一切归结为对角化一个整数(或多项式)矩阵。
推论一:有限生成阿贝尔群
取 R = Z。则有限生成 Z-模恰为有限生成阿贝尔群,定理化为它们的完全分类:每个这样的群皆为 Zʳ ⊕ Z/d₁Z ⊕ ⋯ ⊕ Z/dₖZ,其中 d₁ | ⋯ | dₖ。整数 r 是秩,dᵢ 是不变因子。两个这样的群同构当且仅当 r 相同且不变因子相同——一份有限的清单。
Classify abelian groups of order 360 = 2^3 * 3^2 * 5.
Elementary-divisor form: choose a partition of each prime's exponent.
2^3: partitions of 3 -> (3), (2,1), (1,1,1) 3 ways
3^2: partitions of 2 -> (2), (1,1) 2 ways
5^1: partitions of 1 -> (1) 1 way
Total: 3 * 2 * 1 = 6 abelian groups of order 360.
One of them, fully written both ways:
elementary divisors 2, 4, 9, 5 -> Z/2 (+) Z/4 (+) Z/9 (+) Z/5
collect into invariant factors by CRT, largest last:
d2 = lcm(4,9,5) = 180, d1 = remaining 2
so Z/2 (+) Z/180, with d1=2 | d2=180. Check: 2*180 = 360. OK
Both descriptions name the SAME group; uniqueness is the content
of the structure theorem.推论二:Jordan 与有理标准形
现取 R = k[x],并忆起第 1 篇:带线性算子 T 的向量空间 V 经 x·v = T(v) 是 k[x]-模。因 V 有限维,此模有限生成且为挠(其零化子含极小多项式)。结构定理把它分解为循环块 k[x]/(fᵢ(x))。在每块上选基即恢复 T 的标准矩阵:不变因子的友矩阵给出有理标准形,而在代数闭域上,初等因子块 (x−λ)^a 给出 Jordan 标准形。
T on a 3-dim C-vector space with characteristic poly (x-2)^3.
As a C[x]-module, V is torsion with annihilator generated by some
power of (x-2). The possible elementary-divisor patterns:
(x-2)^3 -> one Jordan block J3(2):
[2 1 0; 0 2 1; 0 0 2]
(x-2)^2, (x-2) -> blocks J2(2) (+) J1(2):
[2 1 0; 0 2 0; 0 0 2]
(x-2),(x-2),(x-2) -> three J1(2), i.e. 2*I:
[2 0 0; 0 2 0; 0 0 2]
Three partitions of 3 -> exactly three similarity classes with this
characteristic polynomial. Each is one module up to isomorphism, and
similar matrices = isomorphic C[x]-modules. The structure theorem and
the classification of conjugacy classes of nilpotent-plus-scalar maps
are LITERALLY the same statement.