扩张、截面,以及它的偏差
群 G 被阿贝尔群 A 的 [[group-extension|群扩张]] 是群的短正合列 1 → A → E → G → 1。E 对其正规子群 A 的共轭下降为 A 上的 G-作用(A 阿贝尔,故 A 的内自同构平凡,作用良定)。固定一个集合论 截面 s : G → E,使 s(1) = 1,为每个 g 选定一个原像。s 没有理由保乘法;其 偏差 落在 A 中。
Since s(g)s(h) and s(gh) have the same image g h in G, they differ by an element of A:
s(g) s(h) = f(g,h) * s(gh), f(g,h) in A.
This f : G x G -> A is the FACTOR SET (the 2-cochain). Associativity in E forces a relation.
Write the action as g.a = s(g) a s(g)^{-1}. Expand (s(g)s(h))s(k) = s(g)(s(h)s(k)):
g.f(h,k) - f(gh,k) + f(g,hk) - f(g,h) = 0.
That is EXACTLY d^2 f = 0: f is a 2-COCYCLE. (using additive notation in A)
Change the section: s'(g) = c(g) * s(g) with c: G -> A. Then
f'(g,h) - f(g,h) = g.c(h) - c(gh) + c(g) = (d^1 c)(g,h),
so f changes by a 2-COBOUNDARY. ==> the class [f] in H^2(G,A) is independent of the section.分类定理
这是本轨的核心事实。诱导 A 上固定 G-作用的扩张 1 → A → E → G → 1 的等价类,与 [[second-cohomology|H^2(G, A)]] 一一对应。 零类对应 分裂 扩张——半直积 A ⋊ G,此时存在同态截面,等价地是 分裂正合列。非零类则是任何截面都解不开的真正非分裂扩张。
当作用 平凡 时,A 落入 E 的中心,称为 [[central-extension|中心扩张]];平凡作用的 H^2(G, A) 分类它们。经典样本:G = Z/2 平凡作用于 A = Z/2 时 H^2 = Z/2,其两个类把克莱因四元群 V 与循环群 Z/4 区分开——二者皆为 Z/2 被 Z/2 的扩张,恰由因子集分辨。
G = Z/2 = {1, t}, A = Z/2 = {0,1}, trivial action. Sections s(1)=e, s(t)=x.
A factor set is determined by one value f(t,t) in A (others forced by s(1)=1).
f(t,t) = 0 : x^2 = s(t)s(t) = f(t,t)*s(t^2) = 0*e = e. E = Z/2 x Z/2 = V (split).
f(t,t) = 1 : x^2 = the nontrivial element of A. E = Z/4 (non-split).
Both f are 2-cocycles (trivial G means d^2 collapses to alternating-sum = 0 here),
and the only 2-coboundary is 0 because c: G->A with c(1)=0 gives d^1 c (t,t)= c(t)-c(1)+c(t)=2c(t)=0.
So H^2(Z/2, Z/2) = Z/2 <--> { V, Z/4 }. The two extension classes, seen directly.舒尔乘子
特殊化到以 C*(或 Q/Z)为核的中心扩张。平凡作用下的群 H^2(G, C*) 即 [[schur-multiplier|舒尔乘子]] M(G),历史上它是把 G 的 射影表示 提升为真正线性表示的障碍——射影表示给出取值于 C* 的因子集,而它可线性化当且仅当该类在 M(G) 中为零。舒尔乘子还支配完美群的 泛中心扩张,并在代数 K-理论中作为 K_2 再次出现。