局部化:通过求逆来放大
分式域 把整环的每个非零元都求逆。局部化 是受控的版本:只对选定的乘性集求逆。要研究环在素理想 P 附近的行为,就把 P *之外* 的一切求逆——即集合 S = R∖P——得到 在 P 处的局部化,记作 R_P。其元素是分式 a/s,其中 s ∉ P。
奇妙之处:R_P 总是 局部环——它有唯一的 极大理想 PR_P。P 之外的一切都成了单位,故 P 是仅存的障碍。局部化是 正合 的,且与商、有限交可交换,这使它成为把全局问题逐个素理想化归的标准工具。
R = Z, P = (5). Then R_P = Z_(5) = { a/b : b not divisible by 5 }.
Units: a/b with 5 not dividing a (and not b).
Only non-unit prime: (5)Z_(5). So Z_(5) is local, max ideal (5).
e.g. 1/3, 7/2, 100/3 are all in Z_(5); but 1/5 is NOT.
Primes of R_P <-> primes of R contained in P:
Spec Z_(5) = { (0), (5)Z_(5) } -- just the chain (0) c (5).
Localization 'deletes' every prime not below P and keeps the rest.
This is exactly zooming the picture in onto the point P.离散赋值环:曲线的光滑点
把一条良好曲线在某点局部化,就得到 离散赋值环 (DVR):一个不是域的 局部 主理想整环。等价地,一个带赋值 v: K^× → Z 的整环,该赋值度量函数在该点处的零点阶。存在唯一的 单值化元 π 生成极大理想,且每个非零元唯一地表为一个单位乘以 π 的某次幂。
Many equivalent definitions of a DVR (R local, domain, NOT a field):
(a) R is a PID with a unique nonzero prime ideal;
(b) the maximal ideal m is principal, m = (pi), and n m^n = 0;
(c) R is integrally closed, Noetherian, with Krull dimension 1;
(d) there is a discrete valuation v on Frac(R) with R = {x : v(x) >= 0}.
Prototype: R = k[x]_(x) = rational functions f/g with g(0) != 0.
Uniformizer pi = x. v(f) = order of vanishing of f at 0.
v(x^3 * unit) = 3, v((x^2+x)/(1+x)) = v(x(x+1)/(1+x)) = 1.
Ideals are exactly (x^n), a single chain (1) > (x) > (x^2) > ...
A Dedekind domain is precisely a domain that is a DVR at every nonzero prime.Krull 维数:数素理想链
一切汇成一个数。R 的 Krull 维数 是 素理想 严格链 P_0 ⊊ P_1 ⊊ … ⊊ P_d 长度 d 的上确界。素理想 P 的 高度 是局部环 R_P 的维数——即 P *以下* 最长的链。这是维数的纯代数定义,而诺特正规化使它与几何定义吻合:dim k[x_1,…,x_n] = n。
dim Z = 1: longest chain is (0) c (p), length 1. dim k = 0: a field has only the prime (0). length 0. dim k[x] = 1: (0) c (x - a). dim k[x,y] = 2: (0) c (x) c (x, y). Three primes, chain length 2. In general dim k[x_1,...,x_n] = n (a clean Noether-normalization corollary). Krull's principal ideal (Hauptidealsatz): in a Noetherian ring, a minimal prime over a SINGLE nonzero element f has height <= 1. => cutting by one equation drops dimension by at most one. Geometric reading: a hypersurface V(f) in n-space has dimension >= n-1. Iterating: V(f_1,...,f_c) has every component of dimension >= n - c.
压轴是 Krull 主理想定理 及其逆:在诺特局部环中,素理想的高度等于以该素理想为极小素理想的理想所需生成元的 *最少* 个数。当此最少个数等于维数时——生成元少到维数所允许的极限——该局部环是 正则局部环,即 光滑 点的代数标志。从有限性(希尔伯特)到几何(零点定理)到维数(Krull):贯穿其中的始终是同样的素理想链。