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地球科學 1963

《洋脊上空的磁異常》

弗雷德里克·瓦因 與 德拉蒙德·馬修斯

洋底是一臺磁帶錄音機——它對稱的磁條帶,證明了大陸在移動。

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In depth · the introduction

原來洋底一直在寫日記——而中洋脊兩側的記錄互為鏡像,執筆的,是地球那不斷翻轉的磁場。

把這個想法拆開看

到 1963 年,一些地質學家已經懷疑洋底在擴張:新岩石在中洋脊處誕生,向兩側滑開。可這要怎麼證明呢?瓦因與馬修斯,在磁性裡找到了證據。

每隔幾百萬年,地球磁場就會翻轉一次——南北對調。在洋脊處噴出的熔岩冷卻時,會把當時磁場所指的方向鎖進岩石,像一枚凍住的指南針。洋底一擴張,便把這份記錄向外帶走。於是洋底變成了條紋狀:一條帶朝這邊磁化,下一條朝那邊,再翻回來——這是每一次翻轉的磁帶錄音。而由於新岩石同時被送往兩側,左邊的條帶就必定與右邊的互為鏡像。

一個博士生、他的導師,與一位被退稿的對手

弗雷德·瓦因是劍橋的年輕博士生;德拉蒙德·馬修斯是他的導師,從一艘橫越印度洋卡爾斯伯格洋脊的船上帶回了磁測數據。瓦因看出了那些條帶的含義,與馬修斯一起寫成一則短文,投給《自然》。他們並不知道,一位名叫勞倫斯·莫利的加拿大地球物理學家想到了完全相同的念頭——可他的論文兩度被退,一位審稿人嗤之以鼻,說這種東西適合在雞尾酒會上聊,而非見刊。如今,這一想法由三人共同冠名。起初連專家都不信;真實數據太亂。直到 1966 年,一艘調查船橫越一道太平洋洋脊帶回的記錄對稱得無懈可擊,爭論就這樣結束了。

它為何重要

半個世紀前,韋格納主張大陸會漂移,卻因說不出「如何漂」而被轟下台。赫斯補上了機制——一片擴張的洋底——但用他自己的話說,那仍是「地質詩」。瓦因與馬修斯把詩變成了證明:一個單一的預言,條帶的鏡像對稱,大洋要麼顯示、要麼不顯示。它顯示了。這扭轉了整個地球科學界,幾年之內,現代板塊構造學說便告建立。今天我們關於地震、火山與山脈的幾乎一切理解,都繫於這一轉折。

一條行星自己打印的條碼

把洋脊想成一臺朝兩個方向同時運行的標籤印表機,把地球磁場想成那種隔一陣就換色的墨水。每一條新岩石出來時,都蓋著當下那一刻的顏色,隨後被下一條擠到旁邊。從洋脊向外讀這條碼,就是在倒著讀歷史;把左側貼到右側,兩條碼一行對一行地吻合。這種吻合,就是全部的證明。

一道中洋脊縱貫畫面中央。其下,磁條帶——深色為正向、淺色為反向——以脊為軸對稱排布;其上,一條起伏的磁力儀曲線在正向條帶上方隆起、在反向條帶上方下凹。一個滑桿設定擴張速率,把每條條帶與每個峰都拉寬;一個按鈕把左側剖面以脊軸翻折到右側,二者重合,顯出鏡像對稱。

之前與之後

韋格納(1912)說大陸會動;赫斯(1962)說洋底擴張、載著它們動;古地磁學家則證明了磁場會倒轉。瓦因與馬修斯(1963),連同莫利,把這些線索擰成了一道大洋通過了的檢驗。到 1968 年,剛性板塊的框架——板塊構造學說——宣告完成,而磁條帶成了為每一個大洋盆地定年的時鐘。在本館裡,正是這篇論文,讓海底擴張不再是一個漂亮的猜想,而成了被量出的事實。

The original document
Original source text
F. J. Vine & D. H. Matthews · “Magnetic Anomalies over Oceanic Ridges” · Nature 199 (4897): 947–949 · 7 September 1963 · doi:10.1038/199947a0
The puzzle: stripes on the sea floor
(Paraphrase.) The paper opens from a problem in the new magnetic surveys of the deep ocean. Towed magnetometers crossing the mid-ocean ridges record an anomaly in the total magnetic field that is not random but strongly lineated — long bands of higher-than-average and lower-than-average field running parallel to the ridge crest. Vine and Matthews work from a survey of the Carlsberg Ridge in the north-west Indian Ocean (and refer to the same pattern seen off the western coast of North America).
The hypothesis: a spreading floor that records reversals
(Paraphrase.) They combine two ideas already in the air. First, Hess and Dietz's seafloor spreading: new oceanic crust forms at the ridge crest and moves outward to either side. Second, the established fact that the Earth's magnetic field reverses its polarity from time to time. As molten rock solidifies at the ridge and cools through the Curie temperature, it locks in the direction of the field prevailing at that moment. If the floor then spreads, successive reversals must leave the crust divided into long blocks magnetised alternately in the normal and the reversed direction.
The consequence: the anomalies, and their symmetry
(Paraphrase.) Such alternating blocks would add to, or subtract from, the present field — producing exactly the pattern of parallel positive and negative anomalies that the surveys show, without any need for strips of unusually magnetic rock. The argument requires that a large fraction of the oceanic crust be reversely magnetised. And it makes a sharp prediction: because the blocks are carried away symmetrically on both limbs, the anomaly pattern must be a mirror image of itself across the ridge axis, with block widths set by the spreading rate and the spacing of reversals.
[ … ]
Madingley Rise, Cambridge · 1963