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物理學 1965

4080 兆周每秒處天線超額溫度的一次測量

阿爾諾·彭齊亞斯 與 羅伯特·威爾遜

一陣來自四面八方、約 3.5 K 的微弱嘶聲——大霹靂殘留的光。

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In depth · the introduction

兩位工程師正在清除天線裡一陣頑固的嘶聲,卻不知不覺地接收到了大霹靂那微弱的餘暉。

核心想法

如果宇宙誕生於一個熾熱、緻密的狀態,並自那以後一直膨脹、冷卻,那麼它至今仍應在每個角落微微發光——那是第一團火球殘留的熱,被膨脹拉長成了微弱的微波。理論把這片餘暉定在絕對零度之上僅僅幾度,且從四面八方均勻地湧來。

1965 年,彭齊亞斯與威爾遜找到的,恰恰就是它。他們靈敏的無線電天線接收到一陣揮之不去的雜訊——約在絕對零度之上 3.5 度——既不能怪天空、地面與儀器,也歸不到任何恆星或星系頭上。它來自四面八方,從不改變,趕也趕不走。那是宇宙自身的背景餘溫,是存在著的最古老的光。

它是如何誕生的

兩人在紐澤西的貝爾實驗室工作,那架巨大的喇叭形天線,本是為早期衛星通信而建。要把它用於無線電天文,他們就得把每一絲多餘的雜訊都交代清楚。唯有一陣微弱的嘶聲怎麼也解釋不了。他們查遍了一切——甚至趕走了在喇叭裡築巢的一對鴿子,把鴿糞擦洗乾淨。嘶聲依舊。

與此同時,三十英里外的普林斯頓,羅伯特·迪克的團隊已經憑推理得出了同樣的預言,正在搭建一架天線去尋找這片餘暉。一通電話,把兩組人接上了線。普林斯頓的物理學家們立刻明白了彭齊亞斯與威爾遜偶然撞上的是什麼。1965 年,兩篇論文並排刊登在同一本期刊上——一篇報告信號,一篇加以解釋。

它為何重要

在當時,科學家們分作兩派:一派認為宇宙有一個熾熱的起點,另一派則主張一個大體始終如一的「穩恆態」宇宙。這片微弱而均勻的餘暉,成了一錘定音的證據:唯有一個熾熱、緻密的早期宇宙,才會自然地留下這樣一片餘暉。它把大霹靂從眾多設想之一,變成了現代宇宙學的根基,也給了天文學家一張可供日後細細研究的、宇宙嬰兒期的直接快照。

一個可以想像的畫面

烤完東西打開烤箱門,即便火已熄滅,熱氣仍源源湧出——那股暖意,正是爐火殘留的熱。宇宙微波背景,就是大霹靂殘留的熱,充盈著整個空間。火球早已冷卻,但它的餘暉仍在,只是被拉長、被沖淡——約在絕對零度之上 2.7 度,無論你朝哪個方向望去,都是同樣的一片低語。

一幅可互動的宇宙微波背景黑體譜圖:溫度滑桿重繪隨頻率變化的普朗克亮度曲線,峰值在 2.725 K 時約滑到 160 GHz,並有一個固定在 4.08 GHz 的標記——那正是彭齊亞斯與威爾遜測量的頻率,遠在緩緩上升的低頻尾上。

它的位置

這個故事,從普朗克 1900 年的黑體輻射定律,經過 1920 年代發現宇宙正在膨脹,再到 1940 年代對殘餘輻射的預言,最後落在這裡。彭齊亞斯與威爾遜之後,COBE、WMAP 與普朗克這些衛星,把這片餘暉測量得越來越精——從它那細微的漣漪裡,讀出了宇宙的年齡與成分。他們偶然撞見的這片輻射,如今是整個宇宙學中信息量最大的一次測量。

The original document
Original source text
A. A. Penzias & R. W. Wilson · The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 142, pp. 419–421 · received May 13, 1965
Measurements of the effective zenith noise temperature of the 20-foot horn-reflector antenna (Crawford, Hogg, and Hunt 1961) at the Crawford Hill Laboratory, Holmdel, New Jersey, at 4080 Mc/s have yielded a value about 3.5° K higher than expected.
This excess temperature is, within the limits of our observations, isotropic, unpolarized, and free from seasonal variations (July, 1964–April, 1965). A possible explanation for the observed excess noise temperature is the one given by Dicke, Peebles, Roll, and Wilkinson (1965) in a companion letter in this issue.
The total antenna temperature measured at the zenith is 6.7° K of which 2.3° K is due to atmospheric absorption. The calculated contribution due to ohmic losses in the antenna and back-lobe response is 0.9° K.
[ … ]
The contribution to the antenna temperature due to atmospheric absorption was obtained by recording the variation in antenna temperature with elevation angle and employing the secant law. The result, 2.3° ± 0.3° K, is in good agreement with published values (Hogg 1959; DeGrasse, Hogg, Ohm, and Scovil 1959; Ohm 1961).
From a combination of the above, we compute the remaining unaccounted-for antenna temperature to be 3.5° ± 1.0° K at 4080 Mc/s.
Note added in proof
The highest frequency at which the background temperature of the sky had been measured previously was 404 Mc/s (Pauliny-Toth and Shakeshaft 1962), where a minimum temperature of 16° K was observed. Combining this value with our result, we find that the average spectrum of the background radiation over this frequency range can be no steeper than λ^0.7. This clearly eliminates the possibility that the radiation we observe is due to radio sources of types known to exist, since in this event, the spectrum would have to be very much steeper.
We are grateful to R. H. Dicke and his associates for fruitful discussions of their results prior to publication. We also wish to acknowledge with thanks the useful comments and advice of A. B. Crawford, D. C. Hogg, and E. A. Ohm in connection with the problems associated with this measurement.
A. A. Penzias · R. W. Wilson · Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. · Crawford Hill, Holmdel, New Jersey · May 13, 1965