JOVANA
Explore Library Glossary Getting Started Three Levels Fields How it works Mission
Join the mission
Back to the library
地球科學 1967

《北太平洋:球面構造的一個實例》

丹·麥肯齊 與 羅伯特·帕克

地球的外殼是少數幾塊剛性板塊——每一對都繞著同一個極,作一次轉動。

Choose your version
In depth · the introduction

大陸確實在移動——但不是以「大陸」的身份。地球的整個表面裂成了少數幾塊巨大的剛性板塊,麥肯齊與帕克發現,每一對板塊都繞著同一個點轉動,就像門繞著合頁。

把這個想法拆開看

看一張全球地震分佈圖,一個圖案會跳出來:地震都落在一條條細線上,線與線之間,留著一大片一大片的安靜區域。麥肯齊與帕克認真對待了這些安靜區域。他們說,那些就是剛性板塊——地球外殼的板片,既不彎折也不伸縮——而一切動靜,只發生在板塊相遇之處。

接著是優雅的那一步。在球面上,把一塊剛性板塊挪來挪去,等同於讓它繞一根過地心的軸旋轉。那根軸從地表穿出的地方,就是這一對板塊的「轉動極」。在極的附近,兩板塊幾乎不相對錯動;轉過四分之一個地球,它們錯動得最快。兩個數——極在哪裡、轉得多快——就描述了全部。

從地震裡讀出這場轉動

到 1960 年代中期,所有零件都已擺上桌面,卻還沒拼起來:韋格納漂移的大陸、赫斯擴張的洋底、瓦因與馬修斯的磁條帶,還有圖佐·威爾遜新提出的「轉換斷層」。所缺的,是把這一切變精確的辦法。年輕的劍橋地球物理學家丹·麥肯齊,與編寫繪圖程式的羅伯特·帕克,從歐拉的一條老定理與一種巧妙的投影選擇中找到了它。

他們的檢驗很漂亮。倘若兩板塊真的繞一個極轉動,那麼在一張以該極為中心的特殊地圖上,每次地震的滑動方向,都應排成整齊的平行行列。他們把北太平洋一圈地震——阿留申、聖安德烈斯——的滑動方向都畫了上去,行列果然對齊了。論文於 1967 年 12 月刊於《自然》。在美國,傑森·摩根早幾個月已獨立地得出同一想法;兩人共享這套理論的奠基之功。

它為何重要

這正是一組大膽假說變成一門可以計算的科學的時刻。大陸漂移已被爭論了五十年,且多遭否定;海底擴張解釋了引擎,卻沒解釋幾何。麥肯齊與帕克補上了幾何——精確、可檢驗,並在四分之一個地球上由地震加以證實。不到一年,這套方法便被推及整個地球,「板塊構造」從此成為統轄整個地質學的框架:地震在哪裡發生、山脈為何隆起、海洋如何開合,皆由它統攝。

同一根軸上的兩張唱片

想像一張黑膠唱片在軸上轉。靠近軸心的點幾乎不動;邊緣的點飛速繞行。那根軸就是轉動極,而速度隨著你離極越遠而越大——恰好正比於離極角度的正弦。現在再想像兩張這樣的圓盤沿一道接縫相遇:它們如何沿這道縫碾磨、張開或錯過彼此,只取決於那根共享的軸在哪裡。那道縫,就是板塊邊界;那根軸,就是歐拉極。

一幅沿歐拉轉軸俯視的圓形視圖,轉動極在圓心。沿一條從圓心出發的線,箭頭都指向側旁,離極越遠就越長——圓心附近最短,邊緣處最長。一個滑桿設定轉動速率;另一個滑桿沿線移動一個點,顯示那裡兩板塊相對錯動有多快。

之前與之後

在本館中,這篇論文是板塊構造故事的轉樞。韋格納(1912)看出大陸會動;赫斯(1962)找到了洋底那條移動的輸送帶;瓦因與馬修斯(1963)在磁條帶裡讀出了它的速度。麥肯齊與帕克(1967)與摩根一道,把這一切化作球面上剛性板塊轉動的一條精確之律——勒皮雄(1968)隨後繪出了整顆行星的板塊。此後的一切,直到你手機裡那枚以每年公分級量度漂移的 GPS,說的都是這門語言。

The original document
Original source text
Dan P. McKenzie & Robert L. Parker · Nature 216 (5122): 1276–1280 · 30 December 1967
The claim, stated at the top
The paper is a short letter, and its opening summary states the whole thesis — that the rigid pieces of Earth's surface move over the sphere as a single quarter-turn of geometry. The following sentence is that summary, verbatim.
Individual aseismic areas move as rigid plates on the surface of a sphere. Application of the Mercator projection to slip vectors shows that the paving stone theory of world tectonics is correct and applies to about a quarter of the Earth's surface.
The paving stone hypothesis
(Paraphrase.) The seismic belts of the world are narrow; the vast regions between them are almost free of earthquakes. McKenzie and Parker take this literally: those quiet regions are rigid, undeforming plates — the “paving stones” — and essentially all of Earth's present deformation is concentrated at the lines where the plates meet. The problem of global tectonics then reduces to describing how a few rigid caps slide past one another on a sphere.
Euler's theorem: poles of rotation
(Paraphrase.) By a theorem of Euler, any motion of a rigid cap over the surface of a sphere is a rotation about an axis through the sphere's centre — a single “pole of rotation.” The relative motion of two plates is therefore fixed by one pole and one angular velocity. Points on the boundary trace small circles about that pole; their relative speed is greatest a quarter-circle from the pole and falls to zero at the pole itself.
The Mercator test
(Paraphrase.) This gives a sharp, visual test. Re-draw the map on a Mercator projection whose equator is the plate pair's rotation pole: the small circles of relative motion become horizontal straight lines. The slip vectors of earthquakes along the boundary — the directions in which the ground actually moves, read from fault-plane solutions — must then all lie horizontal and parallel. McKenzie and Parker plot the slip vectors of North Pacific earthquakes (the Aleutian arc and neighbouring boundaries) together with the strike of the San Andreas fault, and find that a single Pacific–America pole brings them into line.
Result
(Paraphrase.) The fit holds. A single rigid-plate rotation accounts for the instantaneous motions around the entire North Pacific — about a quarter of the globe — confirming the paving-stone picture quantitatively for the first time. The same method, applied pole by pole, would shortly be extended to the whole Earth.
[ … ]
Nature · 30 December 1967