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物理學 1960

《紅寶石中的受激光輻射》

西奧多·H·梅曼

把紅寶石泵得夠猛,原子便齊聲發光——第一束雷射。

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In depth · the introduction

1960 年 5 月,一圈閃光燈點亮了指尖大小的一塊紅寶石,一束纖細、純紅的光掠過實驗檯——光,從此多了一種。

這個想法

燈泡或太陽的光是一團雜燴:許多顏色混在一起,朝四面八方潑灑,波此起彼伏、彼此不齊。雷射恰好相反——只有一種顏色、一個方向,每一道波都齊步前進。物理學家把最後這種性質叫作「相干」。

成就它的妙招,叫作受激輻射。一個攢著多餘能量的原子,被一束恰好顏色的光波拂過時,會放出一顆與觸發它的那顆一模一樣的光子——同色、同向、同步。一顆變兩顆,兩顆變四顆,一場「一模一樣的光」的雪崩,就此堆起。梅曼的紅寶石,正是第一臺造出這場雪崩的機器。

事情的經過

理論先行。早在 1917 年,愛因斯坦就預言了受激輻射;1958 年,阿瑟·肖洛與查爾斯·湯斯算出了如何造一臺「光學微波激射器」。一場悄無聲息的競賽隨之展開。加州休斯研究實驗室的西奧多·梅曼,押注了一種被旁人看輕的材料——一根人造紅寶石的小棒,裹在一支螺旋攝影閃光燈裡。1960 年 5 月 16 日,它激射了。他的報告太過簡短,以致一家頂尖的物理期刊已先退了稿;於是它改以半頁短文,登在了《自然》上。

它為何重要

雷射是一道純淨、可控之光的「龍頭」。正因光束只有一種顏色、一個方向,你才能把它聚成一個針尖,燙得足以切鋼;才能讓它在比頭髮還細的玻璃纖維裡跑上千里;也才能拿它的波當尺,量出小到不足一個波長的距離。起初幾乎沒人知道它有什麼用——它被打趣為「一個在找問題的解答」。可不出一代人,問題便蜂擁而至。

一個類比

想想推一個孩子盪鞦韆。在隨便某個時刻一推,幾乎沒用,甚至會跟盪的方向較勁。可一旦你正好掐著鞦韆的節拍去推——一下,又一下,再一下——小小的力,也能把弧盪得很高。受激輻射,就是光在「踩著節拍」推原子:每顆光子都恰好同步地撩撥一個激發態原子,讓它再放出一顆,於是波自我增強,光束隨之壯大。

拉高泵浦滑塊,紅寶石棒便充滿激發態原子;在閾值線以下它只是輝光,越過之後一束明亮的紅光驟然從前鏡射出,輸出曲線沿直線上升。

它在何處

雷射直接從量子物理裡長出來——普朗克(planck-1900)與波耳(bohr-1913)那一級級量子化的能階,以及愛因斯坦 1917 年關於受激輻射的洞見。它是早幾年問世的微波激射器在光學上的表親。而它轉過身來,又服務於其餘的科學:那些把 LIGO 鏡面穩住、聆聽重力波(ligo-2016)的極穩定雷射,正是梅曼那束紅光的嫡傳子孫。

The original document
Original source text
T. H. Maiman · Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California · Nature 187, 493–494 · 6 August 1960
The proposal it answered
Schawlow and Townes have proposed a technique for the generation of very monochromatic radiation in the infra-red optical region of the spectrum using an alkali vapour as the active medium.
Maiman opens by naming the 1958 theory he is about to realise — and then quietly departs from its recipe. Where Schawlow and Townes pictured a gas, he reaches for a solid: a small synthetic ruby. (Paraphrase of the body of the note.)
The result
an optical pumping technique has been successfully applied to a fluorescent solid resulting in the attainment of negative temperatures and stimulated optical emission at a wave-length of 6943 Å.; the active material used was ruby (chromium in corundum).
The apparatus, as the note describes it: a ruby cylinder, its two ends silvered to form a resonator, pumped by a helical xenon flashlamp coiled around it. "Negative temperature" is Maiman's term for a population inversion — more chromium ions sitting in the excited level than in the ground state. (Description, not a quotation.)
The threshold
Below a certain flash energy the ruby only fluoresces; above it, the note reports, the emission on the 6943 Å line narrows and intensifies sharply — the signature of stimulated emission building up between the mirrors. (Description of the reported observation.)
[ … ]
The whole communication runs to little more than half a page; the figures, the energy-level diagram, and the discussion are in the original at the source below.
Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu · 1960