構造最小公分母
要把分數相加,你需要一個共同的分母。最小公分母(LCD)是每個分母都能整除的最小表達式——即各分母的最小公倍數。構造方法是把每個分母因式分解,取每個不同因式出現的最高次冪。
Add 3/(x^2 - x) + 2/(x - 1) Factor the denominators: x^2 - x = x(x - 1) x - 1 = (x - 1) LCD = x(x - 1) [every distinct factor, highest power] Rewrite each fraction over the LCD: 3/[x(x-1)] stays as is 2/(x-1) = 2·x / [x(x-1)] = 2x/[x(x-1)] Combine numerators over the LCD: (3 + 2x) / [x(x - 1)] = (2x + 3) / [x(x - 1)] x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1
減法:分配那個負號
加法和減法共用一套流程,但減法有一個著名的陷阱:負號作用於整個第二個分子。把那個分子放進括號裡,在合併同類項之前把負號分配進去。
Subtract (2x + 1)/(x - 3) - (x - 4)/(x - 3) Same denominator already, so combine over (x - 3): [(2x + 1) - (x - 4)] / (x - 3) Distribute the minus across (x - 4): (2x + 1 - x + 4) / (x - 3) <- note -(-4) = +4 Combine like terms: (x + 5) / (x - 3), x ≠ 3
複合(繁)分數
複合分數是指其分子或分母本身又是分數的分數——分數疊在分數上。最乾淨的方法是:把上半部分化成一個分數,把下半部分化成一個分數,然後用乘以倒數來做除法。
Simplify the complex fraction (1 + 1/x) / (1 - 1/x^2) Top as one fraction: 1 + 1/x = (x + 1)/x Bottom as one fraction: 1 - 1/x^2 = (x^2 - 1)/x^2 = (x-1)(x+1)/x^2 Divide = multiply by the reciprocal of the bottom: (x + 1)/x · x^2 / [(x - 1)(x + 1)] Cancel (x + 1) and one x: x / (x - 1), x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1, x ≠ -1