局部化:通過求逆來放大
分式域 把整環的每個非零元都求逆。局部化 是受控的版本:只對選定的乘性集求逆。要研究環在素理想 P 附近的行為,就把 P *之外* 的一切求逆——即集合 S = R∖P——得到 在 P 處的局部化,記作 R_P。其元素是分式 a/s,其中 s ∉ P。
奇妙之處:R_P 總是 局部環——它有唯一的 極大理想 PR_P。P 之外的一切都成了單位,故 P 是僅存的障礙。局部化是 正合 的,且與商、有限交可交換,這使它成為把全局問題逐個素理想化歸的標準工具。
R = Z, P = (5). Then R_P = Z_(5) = { a/b : b not divisible by 5 }.
Units: a/b with 5 not dividing a (and not b).
Only non-unit prime: (5)Z_(5). So Z_(5) is local, max ideal (5).
e.g. 1/3, 7/2, 100/3 are all in Z_(5); but 1/5 is NOT.
Primes of R_P <-> primes of R contained in P:
Spec Z_(5) = { (0), (5)Z_(5) } -- just the chain (0) c (5).
Localization 'deletes' every prime not below P and keeps the rest.
This is exactly zooming the picture in onto the point P.離散賦值環:曲線的光滑點
把一條良好曲線在某點局部化,就得到 離散賦值環 (DVR):一個不是域的 局部 主理想整環。等價地,一個帶賦值 v: K^× → Z 的整環,該賦值度量函數在該點處的零點階。存在唯一的 單值化元 π 生成極大理想,且每個非零元唯一地表為一個單位乘以 π 的某次冪。
Many equivalent definitions of a DVR (R local, domain, NOT a field):
(a) R is a PID with a unique nonzero prime ideal;
(b) the maximal ideal m is principal, m = (pi), and n m^n = 0;
(c) R is integrally closed, Noetherian, with Krull dimension 1;
(d) there is a discrete valuation v on Frac(R) with R = {x : v(x) >= 0}.
Prototype: R = k[x]_(x) = rational functions f/g with g(0) != 0.
Uniformizer pi = x. v(f) = order of vanishing of f at 0.
v(x^3 * unit) = 3, v((x^2+x)/(1+x)) = v(x(x+1)/(1+x)) = 1.
Ideals are exactly (x^n), a single chain (1) > (x) > (x^2) > ...
A Dedekind domain is precisely a domain that is a DVR at every nonzero prime.Krull 維數:數素理想鏈
一切匯成一個數。R 的 Krull 維數 是 素理想 嚴格鏈 P_0 ⊊ P_1 ⊊ … ⊊ P_d 長度 d 的上確界。素理想 P 的 高度 是局部環 R_P 的維數——即 P *以下* 最長的鏈。這是維數的純代數定義,而諾特正規化使它與幾何定義吻合:dim k[x_1,…,x_n] = n。
dim Z = 1: longest chain is (0) c (p), length 1. dim k = 0: a field has only the prime (0). length 0. dim k[x] = 1: (0) c (x - a). dim k[x,y] = 2: (0) c (x) c (x, y). Three primes, chain length 2. In general dim k[x_1,...,x_n] = n (a clean Noether-normalization corollary). Krull's principal ideal (Hauptidealsatz): in a Noetherian ring, a minimal prime over a SINGLE nonzero element f has height <= 1. => cutting by one equation drops dimension by at most one. Geometric reading: a hypersurface V(f) in n-space has dimension >= n-1. Iterating: V(f_1,...,f_c) has every component of dimension >= n - c.
壓軸是 Krull 主理想定理 及其逆:在諾特局部環中,素理想的高度等於以該素理想為極小素理想的理想所需生成元的 *最少* 個數。當此最少個數等於維數時——生成元少到維數所允許的極限——該局部環是 正則局部環,即 光滑 點的代數標誌。從有限性(希爾伯特)到幾何(零點定理)到維數(Krull):貫穿其中的始終是同樣的素理想鏈。