Surgical Implantation Approach

The neurosurgical strategy for placing (and later removing) a recording or stimulating interface, chosen to trade signal quality against invasiveness and risk. Options span craniotomy with subdural or epidural ECoG grids; penetrating intracortical arrays inserted through a craniotomy or a smaller burr hole; skull-anchored percutaneous connectors versus fully implanted wireless packages; and endovascular delivery of a stent-mounted electrode through the jugular vein to a cortical vein, which avoids open-brain surgery entirely.

Each route carries characteristic risks — infection (especially at percutaneous pedestals), hemorrhage, cerebrospinal-fluid leak, seizure, and, for endovascular devices, thrombosis or vessel injury. Placement accuracy over the intended cortical target, the ability to revise or explant later, and the cosmetic and lifestyle burden of a transcutaneous connector versus a sealed implant are all part of the surgical calculus and shape both risk and long-term signal access.