The quantum harmonic oscillator

Gaussian ground state

The ground state of the harmonic oscillator is its lowest-energy state, and its wavefunction has the shape of a Gaussian — the smooth, symmetric bell curve. It has no nodes, no wiggles, just a single hump centred on the equilibrium point that tapers gracefully to zero on either side. The probability of finding the particle is highest right at the centre and falls off smoothly outward.

This bell-shaped state is special because it has the least possible energy, the zero-point energy ½ℏω, yet it cannot be made any narrower or stiller. It is a state of minimum uncertainty: the product of its spread in position and its spread in momentum sits exactly at the floor allowed by Heisenberg's principle, split evenly between the two. No state of the oscillator is more tightly localised while still obeying quantum mechanics.

The Gaussian ground state is the seed from which everything else is built. Apply the creation operator to it and you generate every excited state in turn, each a Hermite polynomial wrapping this same Gaussian envelope. In quantum field theory the analogous lowest state is the vacuum, and its Gaussian-like fluctuations are the zero-point jitter of the fields themselves.

ψ_0(x) = (mω/πℏ)^¼ · e^(−mωx²/2ℏ)

A nodeless bell curve — the lowest, minimum-uncertainty state of the oscillator.

Minimum uncertainty does not mean the particle is sitting still at the centre. The Gaussian spread is genuine quantum indeterminacy, not a measurement error; a perfectly localised, perfectly still particle would violate the uncertainty principle.

Also called
oscillator ground staten = 0 state基态波函数高斯基態