Composites

a laminate

A composite built up like plywood: thin sheets (plies) of fiber-plus-matrix stacked and bonded, each layer's fibers pointing a chosen direction. By rotating the plies (say 0, 45, 90, and -45 degrees) you build strength and stiffness in several directions from a material that is one-directional in a single layer.

One unidirectional ply is very stiff along its fibers and weak across them; stacking plies at different angles averages out that anisotropy so the panel can carry loads from many directions. A common quasi-isotropic lay-up (equal 0/45/90/-45 plies) behaves with nearly the same stiffness in every in-plane direction. Stacks are usually made symmetric about the mid-plane so the part does not warp when it cures or heats.

Laminates are how real composite structures (aircraft skins, boat hulls, sports gear) are actually made: the engineer tailors the ply angles and stacking order to the expected loads, spending fiber only where needed. The honest weak spot is between the plies: with no fibers crossing the layers, laminates can delaminate (split between plies) under impact or through-thickness stress, a leading composite failure mode.

An aircraft fuselage panel might stack dozens of carbon-epoxy plies at 0/45/90 degrees, with more 0-degree plies where the load runs lengthwise, a custom material designed direction by direction.

Strong in the plane of the plies but weak through the thickness, where no fibers bridge.

A laminate is strong in the plane of its plies but weak through the thickness, because no fibers bridge between layers; that is why a sharp impact can delaminate a panel that looks undamaged on the surface. A sandwich panel is a special laminate, stiff skins bonded to a light core.

Also called
laminated compositeply stack積層板