First-Order Equations: Separable & Linear

implicit general solution

Sometimes you do all the integrating correctly and end up with a relation between x and y that you simply cannot rearrange to read y = (something in x). An implicit general solution is an answer left in that tangled form — an equation like G(x, y) = C that the solution curves satisfy, even though no clean explicit formula for y exists.

This happens naturally with separable equations. After separating and integrating both sides, you get an equation in x and y plus a constant; whether you can then solve for y is a separate algebra question, and often the answer is no. For instance, dy/dx = (2x)/(cos y + 1) separates to (cos y + 1) dy = 2x dx, which integrates to sin y + y = x^2 + C. That relation defines the solution curves perfectly well, but sin y + y = x^2 + C cannot be untangled into y = (formula in x). So you stop there and report the implicit general solution. It is still a complete, correct answer: for each C it carves out an integral curve in the plane, and a given initial condition picks the right C.

Implicit solutions are honest and common — leaving an answer implicit is not a failure, it is frequently the best you can do, and many famous solution families (the orthogonal trajectories of a field, the level curves of a potential) live naturally in implicit form. Two cautions: an implicit relation may describe several solution branches at once, so you must keep the piece through your initial point and respect where the curve is single-valued; and to extract numerical values you generally solve G(x, y) = C numerically for y at each x rather than algebraically.

dy/dx = -x/y separates to y dy = -x dx, integrating to y^2/2 = -x^2/2 + C, i.e. x^2 + y^2 = K. This implicit solution describes circles; you cannot write a single y = formula because each circle has an upper and a lower half.

x^2 + y^2 = K is a complete implicit solution; forcing it into y = (formula) would lose half of each curve.

Leaving a solution implicit is correct, not lazy. But check that your initial point lies on the relation and decide which branch it belongs to before reading off values.

Also called
implicit solution隱式解