Electric machines & drives

Electromagnetic torque

Electromagnetic torque is the twisting force a motor produces to spin its shaft. Imagine two bar magnets: if you hold one fixed and twist the other slightly out of alignment, the magnetic pull tugs it back. A motor does exactly this on purpose — it creates a magnetic field in the stationary part (stator) and another in the spinning part (rotor), and keeps them offset so the magnetic 'pull' between them continuously drives the rotor around.

Torque is what you feel as the strength of a motor — a cordless drill that won't stall when you press hard has high torque. It is the cross product of magnetic fields, so it is largest when the two fields are 90° apart and zero when they line up; this is why good motor control works hard to hold that 90° offset. Torque (newton-metres) times angular speed (radians per second) equals mechanical power, so a motor delivering 10 N·m at 100 rad/s puts out 1 kW at the shaft.

T = k·Φ·I (and P_mech = T·ω)

Torque and power are different: a tiny motor spun very fast can deliver lots of power but little torque, which is why electric cars use a gearbox-free single ratio yet still climb hills — the motor makes high torque from a standstill.

Also called
motor torque轉矩扭矩